Friday, 24 December 2021

LITHOSPHERE

"Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates. ... The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle."



THE EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE

• The Earth's liquid water constitutes the hydrosphere.

• The vast majority of Earth's water is in the oceans (salt water), with smaller, but geologically important, quantities of fresh water in lakes, rivers, and ground water.

• the total mass of Earth's water is about 300 times the mass of the atmosphere.

• Without water, which facilitates the formation of carbonate rock, the atmospheric content of CO₂ would be far higher than it is.
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