NARMADA BACHAAO ANDOLAN

The most popular movement in the environmental history of india is the movement against the Narmada river valley project .

The Narmada is the largest west flowing river on the Indian peninsula.

The Narmada wind's itself 1.312 km long words to the Arabian sea through lovely forested hills rich agricultural plains and narrow Rocky gorgeous in a series of falls.

More than twenty one millions people live in the Valley , mostly in villages .

Many tribal groups .

Such as the Bhils and the gonds occupied the forested uplands.

The Narmada valley is the site of one of the world largest multipurpose water project , the Narmada river Development project which involves the construction of thirty large dams and many small ones on the river and it's fifty one main tributaries .

The project will transform the valley and lives of its residency and will increase food production and hydropower generation in Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra 

HARDY- WEINBERG'S PRINCIPLE

Hardy-aweinberg principles gives the geneticists a tool to determine when evolution is occurring .

Population geneticists use Hardy- Weinberg principle to calculate a starting point allele frequency and than compare it to frequency measured at some future time .

Hardy-weinberg's use the binomial expression p^2+2pq+q^2=2 to calculate the genotypic and allele frequency of a population.

cDNA LIBRARY

The copy of DNA formed on mRNA is called cDNA .

1,000- 30,000 types of various mRNA sequences can be obtained from a typical eukaryotic cell .

cDNA library and cDNA clone bank are the population of such viruses where each virus has at least one cDNA inserted plasmid is present .

In a complete viral population each member has from outside DNA sequence.

It is easy to make clone bank of those viruses which have DNA as genetic material 

Example - Influenza virus and Reovirus , etc .

Prokaryotic gene has no introns ,so cDNA is the continuous copy of mRNA while eukaryotic entrance brake the DNA molecules in small segments called exon.

BIOETHICS

Bioethics are a set of standards that may be used to regulate our activities in relation to biological works .

The major bioethical concerns are as follows:

Introduction of transgenes from one species to another violates the integrity of species .

Transfer of human genes to other animals and vice versa is against ethics.

Making of clone.

May cause risk to biodiversity .

Suffering to animals used in biotechnology will increase .

BIOWAR

The use of bioweapons originated in 5th century .

Biowar is the use of biological weapons against humans and their crops and animals 

A bioweapon is a device which carries and delivery pathological and biological agents or toxins to a target 

Recently Anthrax bacterium was sent by post after attack .

It causes anthracis

Misconceptions About Biological Weapons :

1) Technically difficult .

2) Will not be used because use is morally repugnant .

3) Rarely used no change of use of biological weapons in near future.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

A few important environmental that were organised in India are discussed.

1- Bishnoi Movement: 

This movement was led  by Amrita Devi in which around 363 people sacrificesd their lives for the protection of their forest .

This movement was the first of its kind to have developed the strategy of hugging or embracing the trees for their protection spontaneously .

Bishnois of Rajasthan - The first Chipko movement khejarli in1970

Bishnois of Rajasthan are known as a conservation society .

They follow the teachings of Guru Jambeshwar who poreched them to follow 29 laws .

They first Chipko movement was organised by Bishnois in 1730 AD . This story of first Chipko movement is described in following lines .

Khejari of khejadi is a village in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan India 26 k. m. South east of the city of Jodhpur .The name of the town is derived from khejari trees , which were in abundance in the Village .

In this village 363 Bishnois, led by Amrita Devi sacrifice their lives in 1730 AD while protecting green khejari trees considered sacred by the community ,by hugging then this incident is the first even of Chipko movement in the recorded history .

Amrita Devi protested against king's men attempting to cut trees as it was prohibited in Bishnoi religion .

The malevolent feudal party told her that if she wanted the trees to be spared .

She should give them money as bribe .

She refused to acknowledge this demand and told them that.

She would consider it as an act of ignominy and insults to her religious faith .

She said that she would rather give away her life to save the greens trees .

It is at that stage she spoke these words.

"Sar Santey Rukh Rahe To Bhi Sasto Jan "

Meaning of this- If a tree is saved even at the cost of one's head it's worth it

THE LARGEST BOTANICAL GARDEN OF WORLD

The largest botanical garden of the world  is ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDEN.

This botanical garden is present in England.

The botanical garden is about 300 acres near London .

That is the world biggest collection of living plants .

It is also known as Historical Rock Garden.

The botanical garden was inaugurated in 1932.

While most visitors are there for the flowers exhibits .

This ONECO world heritage site has made great contribution to the botanical garden.

It's world cross attraction including a treetops walk way